Research notes and updates from the team.
During September 2025, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies remained within the ENSO-neutral range over the central-eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, with the monthly Niño 3.4 anomaly index at -0.44 °C.
Read more →During August 2025, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies remained in the ENSO-neutral range over the central-eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, with the monthly NINO3.4 anomaly index value at -0.33 °C. Weekly-averaged SST anomalies in the NINO3.4 region were -0.5 °C for the week centered on September 10, 2025.
Read more →During July 2025, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies remained in the ENSO-neutral range over the central-eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean, with the monthly NINO3.4 anomaly index value at -0.06 °C. The weekly-averaged SST anomalies in the NINO3.4 region were -0.3 °C for the week centered on August 6, 2025.
Read more →During June 2025, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies remain in the ENSO-neutral range over the central-eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean with the monthly NINO3.4 anomaly index value of +0.04 °C. The weekly-averaged SST anomalies in the NINO3.4 region were +0.1 °C for the week centered on July 09, 2025. This indicates persistence of the ENSO-neutral phase.
Read more →During May 2025, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies remain in the ENSO-neutral range over the central-eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean with the monthly NINO3.4 anomaly index value of -0.04 °C. The weekly-averaged SST anomalies in the NINO3.4 region were -0.0 °C for the week centered on June 04, 2025. This indicates persistence of the ENSO-neutral phase.
Read more →Note: NASA-GEOS2S data is unavailable due to technical issues at the time this forecast was published.
Read more →